![]() It is a rare disease with an estimated prevalence of 0.5/100.000 people ( 2, 3). IH is a primary sleep disorder of not yet finally resolved etiology characterized by a high and disabling amount of sleep required during the day, despite normal or even prolonged sleep times at night. The key manifestation in all categories is excessive daytime sleepiness. This finding further stresses a disturbed regulation of the circadian rhythm in IH patients as part of the pathophysiology of this complex and poorly understood primary sleep disorder.Īccording to the recent classification of sleep disorders, central disorders of hypersomnolence are subdivided into different categories including narcolepsy with cataplexy (NT1), narcolepsy without cataplexy (NT2), recurrent hypersomnia (Kleine-Levin-Syndrome, KLS), and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) ( 1). ![]() In comparison to the group of healthy controls (HC) the mean period length was estimated to be 0.82 h (95%-CI 0.44–1.20 h) longer in the patient group. The group of IH patients revealed on average a prolonged circadian period length. We determined the circadian period length of the primary fibroblast cells by lentiviral infection with a construct expressing a luciferase gene under the control of a BMAL1 promoter. In order to gain insight into the molecular mechanism of this sleep disorder we collected fibroblasts from skin biopsies of IH patients and healthy subjects. The patients were diagnosed according to the ICSD3-criteria by clinical history, polysomnography (PSG), and multiple sleep latency testing (MSLT). As the etiology of this disease is largely unknown, we examined the in vitro circadian period length of patients suffering from IH. In some sleep disorders like idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) this adaptation is defective. The vast majority of living organisms have evolved a circadian rhythm of roughly 24 h in adaptation to ever-changing environmental conditions, such as the cycle of light and darkness. 3Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.2Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.1Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.Herein, we propose a comprehensive review on concepts and methods previously presented for assessing cerebral synchrony, with focus on phase synchronization, as a tool for brain connectivity evaluation.Linus Materna 1, Hartmut Halfter 1, Anna Heidbreder 1, Matthias Boentert 1, Julian Lippert 2, Raphael Koch 3 † and Peter Young 1 * † This has led to increased interest and use of phase variables, particularly their synchronization, to measure connectivity in cerebral signals. This specific timing requires neurons within an assembly to synchronize their firing rates. There is an amplified feedback mechanism in the brain called reentry which requires specific timing relations. Functional integration is an important feature of brain function, it is the concordance of multiple segregated brain areas to produce a unified response. The idea that distinct areas of the brain are responsible for specific tasks, the functional segregation, is a key aspect of brain function. The goal of cerebral signal analysis is to learn about brain function. If the brain is not functioning properly many abilities of human can be damaged. This allows humans to successfully interact with their environment. The human brain is ultimately responsible for all thoughts and movements that the body produces.
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